Manganese is a hard, brittle, grey metal with good corrosion and oxidation resistance. Manganese is widespread in nature and exists as manganese oxide in the earth's crust, water, air and living organisms. Manganese" is an important metal element in manganese ferroalloys.
Chemical properties
Basic information
- Element symbol: Mn, atomic number 25, located in the ⅦB group of the fourth period of the periodic table.
- Electron arrangement: [Ar] 3d⁵4s², with common valences of +2, +3, +4, +6 and +7, of which +2 is the most stable in aqueous solution.
Chemical activity
- Reacts with non-metals: reacts slowly with oxygen at room temperature to form manganese oxide. When heated, it burns violently to form manganese tetraoxide. Reacts with halogens (e.g. chlorine, bromine) to form corresponding halides.
- Reaction with acid: it can react with dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid to release hydrogen and generate corresponding manganese salts, but the reaction rate is slowed down in concentrated nitric acid due to passivation.
- Reaction with water: reacts slowly with water at room temperature, reacts with water vapour to form hydrogen and Mn₃O₄ when heated.
Physical Properties
Appearance and State
Pure manganese is a silvery-white metal with metallic luster, and belongs to densely arranged hexagonal crystal structure (α-Mn) or body-centred cubic structure (β-Mn, stable at high temperature).
Physical constants
- Density: 7.47 g/cm³ (20℃), slightly smaller than iron.
- Melting point: 1246°C, Boiling point: 2061°C, melting point is lower than that of iron, which facilitates the formation of alloys with iron in the metallurgical process.
- Electrical and thermal conductivity: electrical conductivity of about 4% of copper, thermal conductivity is poor, belonging to the medium conductive metal.
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